Comparative analysis of transgender identities in ancient and medieval India
Author(s): Shabnam Bharti
Abstract: Transgender identities have held a significant place in Indian history, evolving from religiously and socially integrated roles in ancient times to complex and often politically charged positions in the medieval period. In ancient India, transgender individuals were recognized as
Tritiya Prakriti (third gender) in texts such as the
Kama Sutra and
Manusmriti, and they played vital roles in religious rituals, temple service, and cultural life. Hindu mythology, through figures like Ardhanarishvara, Shikhandi, and Mohini, reinforced gender fluidity as a divine concept, contributing to their acceptance.
In contrast, the medieval period, particularly during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal rule, saw a transformation in the status of transgender individuals. While they retained significant influence in royal courts as administrators, guards, and political advisors, societal attitudes became more rigid under Islamic governance. The introduction of Persian and Arabic cultural influences reshaped gender roles, and increasing religious conservatism led to the gradual marginalization of the Hijra community.
This paper conducts a comparative analysis of transgender identities in ancient and medieval India, examining their evolving roles, the influence of religious and political structures, and the eventual shift in societal perceptions. Understanding this transformation provides insight into the historical roots of contemporary challenges faced by transgender communities in India today.
DOI: 10.22271/27069109.2025.v7.i3b.379Pages: 94-96 | Views: 133 | Downloads: 70Download Full Article: Click Here
How to cite this article:
Shabnam Bharti.
Comparative analysis of transgender identities in ancient and medieval India. Int J Hist 2025;7(3):94-96. DOI:
10.22271/27069109.2025.v7.i3b.379
